India has been expanding transport (roads, railways, ports), energy (renewables and grid modernisation) and digital infrastructure to support rapid urbanisation, industrial growth and integration into global value chains. Through flagship initiatives such as the National Infrastructure Pipeline and PM Gati Shakti Master Plan, the government aims to reduce logistics costs, boost manufacturing competitiveness, and improve connectivity across regions. Public capital expenditure has risen sharply, with increased emphasis on public–private partnerships and climate-aligned investments, while mobilising financing through innovative funds and investor incentives. Key challenges include managing fiscal sustainability, improving project implementation efficiency and reinforcing institutional governance to attract long-term private capital at scale.

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