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Clinical laboratory science professionals (also called medical laboratory scientists or medical laboratory technicians) are highly skilled scientists who discover the presence or absence of disease and provide data that helps physicians determine the best treatment for the patient.

Although they are not often personally involved with patients, laboratory technologists and technicians play a crucial role in the process of providing personalized care. They generate vitally important data for identifying and treating cancer, heart disease, diabetes and many other health conditions.

Using sophisticated biomedical instrumentation and technology, as well as highly skilled manual techniques, clinical laboratory professionals examine and analyze body fluids, tissues and cells, as well as identify infective microorganisms. They analyze the chemical constituents of body fluids, identify blood clotting abnormalities, cross-match donor blood for transfusions and test blood for drug levels to measure the efficacy of particular treatments. They also evaluate test results for accuracy and help interpret them for the physician.

Medical laboratory technicians (MLT) and clinical laboratory technicians (CLT) have associate degrees, while medical laboratory scientists (MLS) have baccalaureate degrees. Much of the laboratory work performed by these professionals is the same, but laboratory technicians focus on collecting, processing and analyzing biological specimens; performing laboratory procedures; maintaining instruments; and relating findings to common diseases or conditions.

Medical laboratory scientists have many similar responsibilities, but because they have a more extensive theoretical knowledge base, they conduct more advanced testing, such as molecular diagnostics and highly involved microbiological and cross-matching blood tests. They also evaluate and interpret laboratory results, integrate data, solve problems, consult with physicians, conduct research and evaluate new test methods. Medical laboratory scientists also are more likely to advance to management positions.