Integrated Development of Urban Railways in the South and Southeast Asia Regions and Semi-High Speed ​​/ High Speed ​​Rail

Afghanistan’s infrastructure base remains severely underdeveloped after decades of conflict, with major gaps in transport, electricity generation and water systems. Connectivity projects linking Central and South Asia have been viewed as potential drivers of trade and economic stabilisation. However, limited fiscal space, sanctions-related financial isolation and weak institutional capacity significantly constrain infrastructure financing and private investment. Sustainable development will depend on improved governance frameworks, regional cooperation and gradual restoration of investor confidence.

Bangladesh has undertaken extensive infrastructure expansion - including bridges, metro systems, ports and power plants - to sustain rapid industrial and export-led growth. Improved logistics and electricity access have strengthened manufacturing competitiveness, particularly in garments. Large-scale public investment and external financing have underpinned this transformation. Strengthening financial governance, climate resilience and urban infrastructure management will be critical for continued progress.